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The following is taken from the monumental work titled The Incarnate Christ and His Critics: A Biblical Defense , authored by Robert M. Bowman Jr. & J. Ed Komoszewski, published by Kregel Academic, Grand Rapids, MI, 2024, Part 2: Like Father, Like Son: Jesus’ Divine Attributes , Chapter 13. Was Christ the First Creature?, pp. 255-263. In my estimation this is THE  best and most comprehensive exposition and defense of the biblical basis for the Deity of Christ. Every serious T

A DECISIVE FACTOR FOR THE VALIDITY OF THE FORMULA PROTOTOKOS + PASIES KITISEOS = PARTITIVE GENITIVE Luis C. Reyes originally penned this challenge in a summarized form to post on the Greek Theology discussion board, moderated by Edgar Foster, one of Jehovah’s Witnesses.  Mr. Foster did not approve the original message, stating that he felt this topic had been thoroughly discussed already on the board.  Mr. Reyes felt that though he had discussed this topic on other boards, it

Oftentimes when Christians want to show that the Hebrew Bible testifies to the divinity and vicarious sufferings of the Messiah they will turn to Isaiah 9:6-7 and 53:1-12, since these texts are rather explicit in spelling out these divinely revealed truths. Rarely, however, do Christians cite Isaiah 52:13-15 to support these doctrines. As such, we have decided to focus on this specific passage in order to show how even this particular section points to the Deity, glory and su

In this post I am going to refute the following objection that anti-missionary Jewish polemicists employ to deceive people into thinking that Jesus is not the Messiah that the Hebrew Bible prophesied would come into the world: 2. Joseph could never pass on by adoption that which he doesn’t have.  Because Joseph descended from Jeconiah ( Mat. 1:11 ) he fell under the curse of that king that none of his descendants could ever sit as king upon the throne of David.  ( Jeremiah 22

In this post, I will cite the Babylonian Talmud to show how post-Christian rabbis applied some of the very same Old Testament passages to the Messiah, which the inspired New Testament writings and Christians in general have typically interpreted in respect to Jesus. The quotations will further demonstrate how the rabbis even believed in the Messiah’s personal preexistence, e.g. Messiah is already alive and waiting to manifest himself at the appointed time. And Rabbi Yoḥanan  

In this post, I will be citing references from Jewish sources for the specific purpose of providing documentation that the Messianic interpretation of Isaiah 52:13-53:12 is anchored in early Jewish tradition itself. This will be done to refute the assertion of certain liberal critics, Jewish anti-missionary polemicists, and Muhammadan polemicists like Shabir Ally that the view of Isaiah 52:13-53:12 being a prophecy of the Messiah is nothing more than a Christian innovation, w

In this article I will quote certain sections from the Babylonian Talmud, which deal specifically with the Messiah. I will be citing the part of the Talmud titled Sanhedrin. Before I get to the references I provide a summary of what this portion of the Talmud teaches in respect to the coming Messiah. The following Old Testament are all interpreted messianically, in reference to the Messiah’s coming, functions and/or characteristics: Genesis 15:13; 49:10; Deuteronomy 11:21; Ps

In this short post I will provide further evidence that national Israel cannot be the suffering Servant who suffers for the sins of the world and is exalted to divine status. According to the prophecy, the Servant is the righteous One who justifies and makes many righteous by bearing their sins and making intercession for the transgressors: “Yet it was the will of the Lord to bruise him; he has put him to grief; when he makes himself an offering for sin , he shall see his off

I now arrive at the final segment of my rebuttal ( https://www.samshmnthelogy.net/post/does-the-quran-reject-christ-s-eternal-generation-pt-2 ). The Holy Bible on the Eternal Begetting of the Son In the previous section, I showed how wisdom is said to have been created even though it proceeded forth from the mouth of God before all creation. I explained how this establishes that wisdom has eternally existed as an intrinsic aspect of God’s own eternal and immutable Being, and

I continue from where I left off ( https://www.samshmnthelogy.net/post/does-the-quran-reject-christ-s-eternal-generation-pt-1 ). Is Begetting the same as creating?   Contrary to the assertion of the Muhammadan, begetting and creating are not necessarily synonymous as far as the Holy Bible is concerned. For instance, Israel’s king is said to have been begotten by God on the day he began ruling on God’s throne as God’s earthly representative: “But as for Me, I have installed My

In this post, I am going to refute the common Muhammadan assertion that the Quran addresses and rejects the historic Christian doctrine of the eternal generation of the Son. The passage that is often pointed to is the following: He begets not, and neither is He begotten; S. 112:3 Muhammad Asad According to Muslim polemicists, this verse is refuting the Christian belief that Christ was begotten of the Father in a timeless act since the Son is not a creature that was brought in

In this section ( https://www.samshmnthelogy.net/post/revisiting-the-age-of-aisha-pt-4 ) we are going to cite some of the narrations concerning the second caliph Umar’s marriage proposal to Ali’s daughter in order to highlight the people’s reaction to a 47 year old man desiring to marry a 10-12 year old girl. Note what the following sources say regarding Ali’s response to Umar’s request to marry Umm Kulthum: Umar asked Imam Ali for the hand of Bibi Umme Kulthum in marriage, t

We continue from where we previously left off ( https://www.samshmnthelogy.net/post/revisiting-the-age-of-aisha-pt-2 ). A Role Model for All Times Even though Brown appeals to cultural norms to justify Muhammad’s marriage to a premature minor, he forgets to mention that fact that his prophet is supposed to be a role model for all peoples at all times. Therefore, why would Muhammad not only condone, but actually engage, in such a cultural practice seeing that he is supposed to

We proceed with our response to Brown’s assertions ( https://www.samshmnthelogy.net/post/revisiting-the-age-of-aisha-pt-1 ). Here is what Brown further wrote in an attempt to defend Muhammad’s marriage to a minor: “The reason that no pre-modern critics paid attention to the Prophet’s marriage to a ten-year-old was because marrying girls considered underage today was commonplace in the pre-modern world. Under Roman law, the earliest permitted age for marriage WAS TWELVE . In t

In this rebuttal we are going to be addressing another shameful attempt to justify Muhammad’s marriage to a 9-year-old minor. The following comments and interaction are taken from the website of Muslim apologist and Georgetown professor Jonathan A. C. Brown: bigdumbbear 7 points 6 months ago Dr. Brown if you do not mind, one more question! The age of Aisha at the time of her marriage to Prophet Muhammad. Keep in mind that I (and many others on this board) became your biggest

Here’s what St. Irenaeus wrote in respect to the letter that St. Polycarp had written to the Church at Philippi: 4. But  Polycarp  also was not only instructed by  apostles , and conversed with many who had seen Christ, but was also, by  apostles  in Asia, appointed  bishop  of the  Church  in  Smyrna , whom I also saw in my early youth , for he tarried [on earth] a very long time, and, when a very old man,  gloriously  and most nobly suffering  martyrdom , departed this life

Certain Protestant theologians and/or apologists have been desperate to find some justification (pun intended!) for Luther’s doctrine of Sola Fide by quote-mining the early church writers. They do this in order to show that Luther’s teaching on justification wasn’t something novel, or completely unheard of, which inevitably distorted the true Gospel of Christ as believed on and proclaimed by Christians throughout the centuries. One such early writer that is often cited in sup

Ignatius and Polycarp were two holy martyrs of Christ who were personally trained by the Apostles and therefore learned the faith directly from the very eyewitnesses of our risen Lord. These men were given the privileged and meeting with and learning directly from Apostles such as Peter, Paul and John. As such, their understanding of salvation, and specifically justification, becomes vitally since they would have learned these doctrines directly from the very Spirit-filled me

As if Islam’s teachings couldn’t get any more repugnant… according to the unanimous opinion of Muslim scholars (be they Sunni or Shia), there is no set age limit for when a girl can be married off. Therefore, a Muslim man is permitted to marry girls that are much younger than nine, and is even allowed to perform sexual acts on such minors with the exception of vaginal penetration, unless the child is able to handle it. However, once the premature girl has reached the age of n

In this post I am going to provide evidence that the Quran has been heavily influenced by, and even fashioned after the Christological debates which took place among Syriac speaking Christians. I will prove that the very language of the Quran has been shape by the theological vocabulary and expressions found within Syriac Christianity. As one Muslim scholar acknowledged: It is unlikely that the canonical Christian scriptures or other Christian writings were translated into Ar